Welcome to the Treculinae Species Database 🌳 Brosimeae Spp. 🌳 Treculia

Dioecious trees up to 35 m tall; latex white, watery. Leafy twigs 2-4 mm thick

white to brownish more

appressed-puberulous or sometimes subhirtellous

Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, broadest in, above, or below

1013 :10.5-)2-7 cm broad, charlaceous to subcoriaceous or coriaceous, plane orc om.

the middle, (1-)3-20 cm

ver. acute to acuminate, mucronate, obtuse,

or sometimes emarginate, at the base

nilite to obtuse or sometimes marginate to subcordate; margin entire or sometime.

denticulate; above more or less scabridulous

with short straight to curved or uncinate

hairs or smooth and (rather) sparsely puberulous but rather densely puberulous on

the costa; beneath hirtellous to subtomentose.

hirtellous

to puberulous, or appressed-

puberulous; veins nearly planc above, more or less prominent beneath, 8- 15 pairs of

secondary

veins,

without parallel tertiary veins; petioles 3-16 mm long; stipule

2-8 mm long, white appressed-pubescent. Staminate inflon

escences

globose, 4-8 mm

in diameter; peduncle 5-16 mm

long, white puberulous: receptacle

staminate flowers numerous, without perianth;

white puberulous;

stamens 1-2(-2), in shallow pits;

laments 0.2-1.0 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.25 mm long and ca 2 mm broad. connec-

tives mostly narrow; bracts numerous, ca 0.3-1.0 mm in diameter, white or some.

umes

brownish puberulous, I-3 bracts surrounding the stamens often

I somewnat

perianth-like. Pistillate inflorescences globose, ca 5 mm in diameter; peduncle 5-12

mm long, white puberulous; receptacle white puberulous; flowers 1-5: style ca 1 mm

long,

stigmas ca 0.5 mm long; bracts numerous, ca 0.3-1.0 mm in diameter, white

puberulous.

Infructescences (sub) globose, ca 2 cm in diameter, or if containing 2 01

more fruits more or less irregularly shaped and up to 3 cm

in diameter, orange aT

maturITY.

Flowering in July and August.

Mainly on the basis of regional differentation of a number of leaf characters,

three subspecies can be distinguished fairly readily but not very sharply. The varia-

bility

within the species may be less discontinuous than appears from the present,

rather scarce material.

3 subspecies are recognized: Brosimum acutifolium subsp. acutifolium, Brosimum acutifolium subsp. interjectum, Brosimum acutifolium subsp. obovatum.

This useful tree produces a large quantity of fruit. The fruit from the fig, mulberry, and jackfruit family, Moraceae, consists of a thin fruity outer layer which taste like figs, and a large single seed in the middle. Mayan Breadnut is not actually a nut, but a gluten-free starchy seed, with vitamins A and C, which can be boiled and made into mashed Mayanut (prepare just like mashed potatoes), baked and turned into any bakery delight like cake, bread, or even delicious Maya nut tortillas, and when it’s fried it can be made into French fries. If you dry it in the sun and grind it up, you can use the Mayan Breadnut powder as a coffee alternative and it tastes great; it’s just the way you prepare it, it is so versatile! We hope to sell all these products one day when we are able to acquire a large amount of seeds from Florida’s first Mayan Breadnut plantation! The wood has a hardness of 0.69, so it floats in water (1.0), and it is often used in construction of furniture. The leaves which remain green and plentiful, even in the dry season, provide a source of fodder for livestock. Additionally, it can be an excellent shade tree or an ornamental. The tree also produces an abundance of latex which can also be used economically. It is clear that this tree is a must have for the future of Florida Farming.

Trees dioecious or monoecious, up to 35 m tall, with buttresses; latex white to yellow. Leafy twigs 1-4 mm thick, glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Leaves elliptic to oblong (to lanceolate), slightly or not inequilateral, often broadest above, but sometimes below the middle, (2-)4-18(-28) cm long, (1-)2-7(-11) cm broad, coriaceous to chartaceous, acuminate,

often nearly acute, sometimes caudate, at the base acute, obtuse, truncate or rarely emarginate to subcordate; margin entire or rarely denticulate; above glabrous,

beneath glabrous or sparsely puberulous and

sometimes also sparsely pubescent on the costa; vein slightly prominent to plane or

sometimes slightly impressed above, prominent to nearly plane beneath, 12-16(-21) pairs of secondary veins, without or sometimes with a few parallel tertiary veins; petioles 2-8(-14) mm long; stipules nearly fully amplexicaul, (3-)5-10(-15) mm

long, glabrous, puberulous, or sometimes pubescent. Inflorescences solitary, geminate

or occasionally more together, (sub) globose to ellipsoid, subsessile or usually pedunculate, peduncle up to 15 mm long, bracts 0.2-2 mm in diameter, puberulous, the basal ones sometimes basally attached. Staminate inflorescences 3-8 mm in diameter, with I central. or occasionally more, abortive pistillate flowers, staminate flowers

numerous, perianth lacking or sometimes a minute one present, stamen 1, filaments 0.1 1.6 mm long, anthers 0.4-0.5 mm long and 0.4-0.5 mm fused, connectives broad, glabrous, or puberulous. Pistillate broad, thecae tree or

inflorescences with r. sometimes 2.2-4 mm in diameter, with 1, sometimes with some uncinate hairs, stigmas unequal in length, sometimes 0.2-8 mm long,

one absent. Infructescences (sub) globose, 1.52 ca in diameter, at maturity yellow?,brownish, or orange, testa vascularized Flowering probably throughout the year. The species, is variable in many characters, falls apart into two geographically separated groupson account or a remarkable difference in the anthers fused thecae in the northern part of the area and free thecae in They have This difference does not seem to be significantly correlated with the southern part other ditterences. difergecies is not strictly dioecious as inh. the staminate Inflorescences, especially

#'duced, pisillate flowers may be found. it is likely that these flowers do not produce in subsp alicastrum. one more or less well developed. or sometimes several more

recks. The pistillate inflorescences severa. reduced pistillate flowers may be present

besides one, or occasionally two, well-developed ones. The leaves often bear oblongoid to subulate galls.

2 subspecies are recognized: Brosimum alicastrum subsp. alicastrum and Brosimum alicastrum subsp. bolivarense.

Dioecious trees up to 30 m tall with low buttresses I-3 mm thick,white puberulous to hirtellous.Leaves lanceolate white. Leafy

times broadest above the middle, oblong sometimes  broadest above the middle, 4-14cm long, 1.5-4.5-cm broad, chartaceous, acuminate to caudate, at the base obtuse to subcate; margin entire; above glabrescent except for the costa and the proximal parts of the secondary veins beneath white hirtellous; veins (nearly) plane above, prominent beneath, 7-19 pairs of secondary veins; petioles 3-8mm long; stipules 3 - 7 mm long, white puberulous; hirtellous Staminate inflorescences

globose ca 6 mm in diameter, peduncle 3-6mm long;flowers numerous; perianth ca 1 mm high, with 3-4 basally connate, more or less cucullate, tepals; stamens 2-4, anthers ca 1 mm long and 0.4-0.5 mm broad, connectives narrow, apiculate or not, bracts numerous, peltate to subpeltate, 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter. Infructescences globose, 10-12 mm in diameter; peduncle 5-18 mm long.

This shrub produces many single seeded fruit that taste like figs but have the exact consistency of chewing gum. It roots can be used to treat vitiligo, a skin condition affecting the presence of melanin in the skin Topical creams can be made from boiled Mamacadela root and applied to restore melanin concentrtation. This plant is locally referred to as Mamacadela.

Shrubs or trees usually up to 7 m, occasionally up to 30 m tall; latex white.

Leafy twigs 1-6 mm thick, white to yellowish or brownish puberulous to hirtlous

or subtomentose, uncinate hairs usually absent. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, more cr

less inequilateral, often broadest above the middle, (I-)3-13(-23) cm long, (0.5-)

1.5-6.5(-9.5) cm broad, chartaceous to subcoriaceous (to coriaceous), obtuse, acuit,

mucronate, or shortly acuminate, at the base (acute to) obtuse to emerginate (o

subcordate); margin entire, often dentate to denticulate, often revolute; abore

sparsely puberulous to hirtellous, glabrescent except for the costa; beneath pubert-

lous to hirtellous to subtomentose, uncinate hairs frequent; veins slightly prominent

to plane or sometimes slightly impressed above, prominent beneath, (5-)g-20 pais

of secondary veins, without parallel tertiary veins; petioles 3-11 mm long; stipuls

3-10 mm long, appressed-puberulous to pubescent. Inflorescences bisexual, alva,s?

pendulous, globose to hemispherical, 3=5 mm in diameter; peduncle 1-3 cm be

almost glabrous to densely puberulous; staminate flowers several to many; perist

lacking, stamen 1, (occasionally a second less developed one), surounded e

perianth-like bract, filaments 0.3-0.8 mm long, anthers ca 04 mm long and et

0.4 mm broad, more or less conduplicate, connectives broad; pistllat ford l style up to

1 mm long, stigmas up to ca 1 mm long; bracts many, 0.5-2 mm in diameter, puberulous, often more or less tuberculate the centre. Infructescenses (sub)globose, ca 2 cm in diameter, yellow to orange at maturity. Flowering throughout the year, but mainly from September to December.

Shrub. Leafy twigs 1-2.5 mm thick, white to yellowish puberulous+ or tobiong to lanceolate, slightly ineg uilaferal, broadest above the mideli

vellowish puberulous to hirtellous

Tone. T-35 cm broad, chartaceous to subcomaceous, acuminate to acute

obtuse: margin entirc; above shining, glabrescent 3-9 cm except for at the base

cabridulous with very short stilt hairs, furthermore puberulous to costa: bencath

veins, uncinate hairs lacking; veins hirtellous on the prominent bencath, 7-12

secondary veins, without parallel tertiary veins; petioles 4-0 mm pairs of long; stipules, sparsely puberulous: lattiratcerowens CeNt a o (sub) globose, cas Ille

Salterer; pedundle 2-5 mm longi staminate towers rewrto several; perianth lackil

dame " surrounded by a perianth-.like bract; filaments 0.3-0.4 mm long antil?:

ca 0.3 mm long and broad.

conduplicate, connectives broad and swollen; pistillar

fower 1, white puberulous up visible at anthesis, style ca 0.5 mm

0.5 mm long; bracts many, 0.4-1.2 mm in diameter, the larger ones often more c

long, stigmas ca

less tuberculate in the centre.

TYPE. Glazion 15428, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Serra de Caraça, near Ouro Prot

(B).

DisTRIBUTIoN (Fig 61). Brazil, in southern Minas Gerais and probably also near

Rio de Janeiro. BRAZIL. Glaziou 15428 (B, K, LE, P, types).

Brosimum glauum is closely related to both B. gaudichaudi and B. glaziovil. Labels

give as the origin of Glaziou 15428 the vicinity of Ouro Preto (Minas Gerais) and Rin

de Janeiro.

Recuse of the differences in the development of the inflorescences, two

separate collections were probably given the same collection number.

Shrubs or trees up to 25 m tall. Leafy twigs 2-4 mm thick, sparsely to rather

densely white puberulous to pubescent. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, more or les

inequilateral, often broadest below the middle, 4-23 cm long, 2-9.5 cm broad,

chartaceous to subcoriaceous, acuminate to acute, at the base acute to obtuse;

margin entire; above glabrous; beneath scabridulous with epidermal papillae and

very short stiff hairs, furthermore puberulous to hirtellous or pubescent on the costa,

uncinate hairs rather frequent; veins plane to slightly prominent, the costa sometus

slightly impressed above, veins prominent beneath, 11-24 pairs of secondary weis

without parallel tertiary veins; petioles 6-15 mm long; stipules 6-17 mm long whit

appressed-puberulous to pubescent. Inflorescences (unisexual?, pendulous?), (l

globose, ca 4 mm in diameter; peduncle 4-13 mm long; staminate foes servals

many; perianth lacking; stamen 1, surrounded by a perianth-like bract, Blames 0.3-0.7 mm long, anthers ca 0.4 mm long and 0.3-0.4 mm broad, connectives broad; bracts 0.5-2.5 mm in diameter, puberulous.

Flowering probably throughout the year.

This plant is commonly referred to as Snakewood. It was used extensively in the 18th century to make violin bows and exquisit high-end products. It has a beautiful spotted pattern. The tree also produces a tasty red fruit which tastes like sour figs.

Monoecious shrubs or trees up to 30m tall, with or without buttresses to yellow. Leafy twigs -3 mm thick, sparsely to puberulous. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, more or less inequilateral, often broadest or below the middle, (2-)4 - 13 cm long, (1-)2 - 6cm subcoriaceous, acuminate (to caudate), acute obtuse, or

sometimes emarginate to

the base acute to obtuse (to

subcordate); margin entire,or

towards the apex, often more or less

revolute;above glabroccasionally

dentinate, at early glabrous, appressed

puberulous, (sub velutinous, or

scabrid shining; beneath or less prominent, 6 - 14 pairs of secondary veins

withouscabridulous; veins

petioles 2-6 mm long stipules

2-5mm nearly glabrous caducous

persistent. Inflorescences usually

bisexual, discoid to

or hemispherical, often more or less

lobed, 3 - 12mm in

pedunculate; peduncle up to 20 mm

3-4-lobed, puberulo is stinate

flowers few to

long, often bracteate staminate subsessile to 0.3 - 0.8mm long, anthers 0.1 - 0.3mm

long and 0 1-0 25 mm broad, connectives

broad and swollen pistillate flowers

one to several; style 0.4-1 mm long

0.1-0.3 mm long; bracts many to numerous,puberulous,

0.4-1.0mm in diameter.

The species is very variable in many characters. The morphological variations

are partly more OF less geographically concentrated, but in all cases they are con.

tected by intermediate forms. Specimens with subpersistent stipules and rather smali

nerves (cg S. Moore 366 and 677, Kuhlmann 19808, Fröes 23118, Cuarecasas 3570, and

PO 6184) are found from the Mato Grosso through the Upper

Amazon Basin

(Colombia and Brazil) to Guyana. Several specimens from the Upper Amazon Basin

Brazil and Colombia) have rather thick leaves with rather prominent veinlets and

conspicuous areoles with dense appressed hairs beneath (sec cg Ducke 16g2, Frbes 155,

Krukoff8420, Little and Little 9706,

and Prance et al 3226). The collections Ducke 18260

from the Middle Rio Tapajóz, Bondar sn from Bahia, Froes 11964 and 1196 from

Maranhão, and Krukof 5377

from Acre Territory differ from the other Brazilian

collections by their relatively large leaves, often with an emarginate base and a

hirtellous lower surface.

The staminate flowers show a reduction series in the number of stamens. Flowers

with four stamens, one or two of which may be more or less reduced, flowers with three

stamens, one of which may be more or less reduced, and flowers with two stamens

may be found. In the same inflorescence, flowers with four and three, three and two

or only two stamens may occur. Specimens with staminate flowers having only two

stamens are met with in northern Central America and in Brazil (Pará, Bahia, and

the coastal region near Rio de Janeiro).

Dioecious trees: latex white. Leafy twigs 2-3.5 mm thick, with (very) short,

partly uncinate, yellowish hairs, intermixed with distinctly longer, appressed to patent,

vellowish hairs. Leaves elliptic to oblong, more or less inequilateral, sometimes

broadest above the middle, 5-20 cm long, 2.5-10 cm broad, subcoriaceous to corin-

acuminate, at the base acute to obtuse; margin entire; above glabrous; be

neath puberulous to hirtellous, on the costa and secondary veins also long, more or

less appressed, hairs and on the smaller veins often also small uncinate hairs: venation coarse, veins impressed to plane above, prominent beneath, 8-15 pairs of secondary

veins, arching far from the margin; petioles 3-11 m long; stipules 3-7 mm long, with

short patent and longer more or less appressed hairs. Staminate inflorescences glo-

bose to ellipsoid, 7-10 mm in diameter; peduncle 2-7 mm long; Howers numerous, perianth

0.3-0.5 mm high, with 2-4(-5?) irregularly shaped tepals; stamens 1-4,

Often 2; Hlaments ca I mm long, anthers 0.3-0.4 mm long and broad, conneclives

broad and more or less swollen: bracts numerous, 0.1-1 mm in diameter, puberulous

Tree, to 40 m tall. Leafy twigs 3-5 mm thick, sparsely to rather densely brown-puberulous to whitish-pubescent. Lamina elliptic to oblong to (sub)ovate, 12-30 × 6-19 cm, coriaceous; apex shortly and abruptly acuminate; base cordate to truncate (to obtuse); margin entire, often ± revolute; upper surface puberulous on the midrib; lower surface densely brown-puberulous to subvelutinous on the veins; lateral veins (30-)40-50 pairs, often some of them furcate; tertiary venation for the greater part scalariform; petiole 0.5-1.5 cm long, densely brown-puberulous, the epidermis flaking off; stipules 4.5-9 cm long, densely brown-puberulous to brown to whitish-pubescent. Inflorescences solitary in the leaf axils, initially deflexed; peduncle 2-6.5 cm long, the lower part sparsely puberulous, the upper part densely and minutely puberulous and with a few bracts, the uppermost part broadened; receptacle of staminate inflorescence discoid to subturbinate, ca. 1 cm diam.; perianth lacking (?); stamen 1; filament ca. 0.5 mm long; anther ca. 0.2 mm long; receptacle of pistillate inflorescence subglobose to subturbinate, 0.8-1.2 cm diam., with a single pistillate flower in the center; stigmas 1-2 mm long; bracts ca. 1 mm diam., minutely puberulous.

Monoecious (or dioecious?) trees up to 40 m tall; latex white. Leafy twigs:27)

ham thick, minutely (white to) brown puberuious to short-velutinous. Leaves ellipticto

lanceolate, nor or hardly inegutiateraufoften broadest below the middle, 6-40 cm long, 3-20 cm broad, coriaceous, acuminate to emarginate to subcordate

) margin entire.

to subaculc, at the

beneath denscly brown

yellowish puberulous

in (around the

base obtuse

de more or less repand; above glaborous: often sparser, white to brownish puberulous to pubescent; veins, most tertiary veins parallel; petioles 4-20 mm long; stipules 5-20(-25) mm long, brownish puberulous to pubescent or subsericeous. Inflorescenses bisexual or unisexual, subglobose to hemispherical, 4-12 mm in diamter; peduncle 4-40 mm long; receptacle puberulous; staminate flowers several to many; perianth 0.2-0.3 mm hgih, 3-4-lobed, vestigial or lacking; stamen 1, filaments ca. 0.5 mm broad, connectives broad and swollen; pistillate flowers one or few; style ca 3 mm long, stigmas 0.3-1.0 mm long; bracts 02-1.2 mm in diameter, puberulous. Infructescenses ca 2-2.5 cm in diameter.

Flowering probably throughout the year.

Two geographically exclusive subspecies can be readily distinguished.

Brosimum parinarioides subsp. amplicoma

Brosimum parinarioides subsp. parinarioides

Monoecious trees up to 30 m tall; latex white. Leafy twigs 1-3 mm thick, more

or less densely white to brownish puberulous to shortly velutinous. Leaves (elliptic to

oblong to lanceolate, not or slightly inequilateral, usually broadest below the middle.

(2-)4-20 cm long, (1-)I.5-4-5 cm broad, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, acuminate to

subacute, at the base obtuse or sometimes subacute; margin entire; above glabrous:

beneath areoles covered with white to yellowish hairs, laterally borne by veins and

veinlets, otherwise sparsely puberulous to nearly glabrous; above veins slightly

prominent to plane, beneath the costa prominent, secondary veins plane to impressed.

other veins slightly prominent, 20-28 pairs of secondary veins, without or with a few

distinct tertiary veins; petioles 5-16 mm long; stipules 7-20(-40) mm long, puberu-

lous to subsericeous. Inflorescences subglobose to hemispherical, 2-4 mm in diameter;

peduncle 2-10 mm long; receptacle puberulous; staminate flowers several to many;

perianth 0.1-0.3 mm high, consisting of one puberulous tepal; stamen I, filaments

0.5-1.1 mm long, anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long and 0.2-0.4 mm broad, connectives

broad; pistillate flower I; style ca 1.5 mm long, stigmas ca 2 mm long; bracts

0.3-1.0 mm in diameter, puberulous, at least at the margin. Infructescences (sub)-

globose, ca 1.5 cm in diameter.

Flowering probably throughout the year.

Trees usually monoccious, up to 40m tall (unbuttressed); latex white. Leafy twigs 1-3 mm thick, sparsely to densely yellowish to greyish puberulous, sometimes nearly glabrous, often the short hairs intermixed with greyish puberulous brown more or less appressed ones. Leaves elliptic torulous, somchime distinctly longer greyish diohtly inequilateral, often broadest below the middle, 2-13 cm long.

oblong (to lanceolate), not or

S/iSnceous to subcoriaccous, acuminate to caudate, at the base acutes

margin entire; above glabrous; bencath nearlv

g.aprous to spar.

1-6.5 cm broad

- someumes

rather long appressed hairs,

to obluse:

elv pubcrulous, on

glabrescent: the

prominent above, rather prominent bencathane other veins nearly plane o

costa slightly

Pinat lightly, mpressed above wilisheltiato Vint)i potiolase beneath, 10 -22 paine

secondary veins, without parallel tertiary veins; petioles 2-13 mm

Inflorescences bisexual, sometimes

58237-70) mm lons, sparcy in densely Parsed, puberulous to (Cub) velitiale

long; stipules

unisexual,

(sub)globose,

spherical, or somewhat irregular in shape, Res mm in diameter; peduncle 2-12 mk

long, Slender or stout

glabrous

to densely

(0.2-2 mm in diameter), bracteate or not; receptacle almos

puberulous: staminate

flowers

stew to

numerous

0.1-0.5 mm high, 3-5-ld to 3-5 parted.

puberulous: stamens

perianths

0.2-1.5 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.3 mm long and 0.15-0.4 mm broad.

1-2(-2), filament

narrow or broad and more or less swollen; pistillate flowers one to

connccuve

ca 1 mm long, stigmas 0.1-0.8 mm long; bracts few

several: style

to numerous, 0.2-1.2 mm in

diameter, puberulous. Infructescences (sub)globose up to 1-5 (or more) cm in dia.

meter, reddish at maturtv.

Flowering throughout the year, mainly rom November to Januarv.

Trees usually monoecious, up to 50 m tall, (often?) with buttresses; latex white.

Leafy twigs 2-6 mm thick, with minute patent white hairs, often intermixed with

distinctly longer, sometimes partly uncinate, hairs, or longer hairs only near the scars

of the stipules. Leaves elliptic to oblong to lanceolate, not or slightly inequilateral,

mostly broadest below the middle, (3-)5-28(-56) cm long, (2-)3-12(-18) cm broad, coriaccous (to subcoriaccous)195

or cordate, maryla entre or more

ginate,

except for the lower end of the

acuminate, at the base acute, obtuse, truncate, emar-

costa

or less repand; above usually glabrous

so, beneath the costa and

, beneath sparsely puberulous to almost glabrous; above the secondary veins often more or less impressed, the other veins nearly so, beneath the costa and secondary veins prominent, the smaller ones prominent to plane, 14-28(-32) pairs of

secondary veins prominent, the smaller ones prominent to 3-15(-20) mm long; stipules (0.5) 1-4.5 cm long 

of secondary planc. or sometimes only,

be 15 (-20) mITOnITSionderies (0. 5) 1-45, cm long, minutely puberulous, usually also

appressed hairs. Inflorescences bisexual, rarely unisexual.

peduncle 1-35 mm

hemispherical, or broadly turbinate, 5-8 mm in diameter:

long, sometimes bracteate on the upper part, receptacle pubert-

ing; perianth 0.1-1.0 mm

af to slabrous, fovcatmm high, amihate Rower many to teu/ or caicle Pilert.

cometimes lacking; stamens

• 1-5 variously shaped puberulous tepals,

I, Or sometimes 2,

filaments 0.4-2.0 mm long, anthers

0.3-1.0 mm long and 0.2-0.6 mm broad, connectives broad and more or less swollen; pisillate flowers I, sometimes 2 or 3,

bracts 0.3-2.5 mm

chameter.

style ca 1.5-2 mm long,

diameter, brown at maturity.

puberulous. Intructescences globose,

stigmas 0.1-3.0 mm long:

3 cm in

Flowering probably throughout the year

USE

against pulmonary diseases

The latex of all subspecies is potable; that of subsp longifolim is applied

"his widespread polymorphic species shows more or les distinct morphological

discontinuities. In most cases

the morphological

but the discontinuities

diferentiation is of a regional kind,

are not equally distinct and the differences not equally

significant. In some cases, if is not certain whether the morphological gaps artuany

Is only due to the scarcity of collections. It is therefore not easy to find a

satistactory

way to present the intormation obtained, but it seems best to treat the more or tee

distinct groups of specimens as subspecies.

On the basis of inflorescence and staminate flower characters two groups of

subspecies

can be distinguished. The first group,

comprising subsp utile,

occidentale, and subsp allenn.

SUDSD

is characterized by subglobose or globose, not or slightly

foveate receptacles

passing abruptly into the peduncles, the relatively large dimen.

sions of the stamens, and the rather well-developed perianth of the staminate Arwere

The second group, comprising the

other subspecies, is characterized by the recep

racles being usually hemispherical or broadly turbinate and distinctly foveate and

passing more or less gradually into the peduncles. The stamens are relatively small

and the perianth of the staminate flowers is more strongly reduced or even lacking!

*6 subspecies are recognized:

• Brosimum utile subsp. allenii

• Brosimum utile subsp. longifolium

• Brsoimum utile subsp. magdanense

*Brosimum utile subsp. occidentale

• Brosimum utile subsp. ovatifolium

• Brosimum utile subsp. utile

Shrubs or tres up to 15 m tall; latex white to yelow (or brown). Icafy twigs

4-g mm trick, white to brown puberulous to strigulose. Leaves (elliptio to) oblong ff

dancolate, sometimes broadest above the middle, not or slightly inequilateral, 3-17

cm long, 1.5-6.5 cm broad, chartaceous to subcorlaccous, acuminate to caudate, ai

the base acute to obtuse: margin entire: above

glabrous; beneath puberulous to

strigulose, often also uncinate hairs; costa more or less impressed above, prominent

beneath, other veins plane or nearly so above, prominent beneath, 5-12 pairs of

secondary veins, without parallel tertiary veins; petioles 2-9 mm long, often with unicate hairs; 3-7 mm long, puberulous to strigulose, or subseriacous. Staminate inflorescences hemispherical or subglobose, 3-7 mm in diameter, peduncle staminate flowers numerous, often in groups of 2-5 together, sessile or short-pedicelate; perianth 0.8-2.0 mm high, (3-)4-fid. puberulous, sometimes with a few unicate hairs; stamens mostly 4, sometimes 3 or 5, filaments 1.0-2.2 mm long, anthers 0.4-0.5 mm long and 0.3-0.4 mm broad, connectives rather broad, apiculate or not; pistolloide (style) 0.5–20 mm long, unbranched or with 2 mostly unequal branches, puberulous: bracts at the base reniform ovate, up to 2 mm long, otherwise oblong to linear, oblanceolate, subpeltate or peltate, 0.5-1.5 mm long, puberulous, often with unicate hairs. Bisexual inflorescences subglose to turbinate, 4-5 mm in diameter, peduncle 3-11 mm long, puberulous to short-velutinous, with or without unicate hairs; receptacle brown puberulous with unicate hairs or brown short-ventinous; pistillate flower one, style ca 1 mm long, stigmas up to 20 mm long, with irregularly shaped papillae on the lower end; staminate flowers few to several on the upper end of the receptacle; perianth 3-4-lobed; stamens 3-4; pistilloide (style) up to 20 mm long, on the lower end often with short more or less irregularly shaped papillae, unbranded or with unequal branches, bracts  several, scattered oblong, subpeltate or peltate. Infructescences globose, ca 2 cm in diameter, ventinous or hispid with dense unicate hairs.

. Arbor. Folia elliptica-lanceolata, 5.5-17.5 cm longa, 3.5-6 cm lata, coriacea vel subcoriacea, acuta-acuminatavel obtusa, subglabra; costa supra haud impressa; paria venarum secundariarum cum costa angulos acutos efformantia; venae tertiariae nonnullae, parallelae. Inflorescendae hermaphroditae ovoideae, floribus staminatis circ. 50 plus minusve aggregatis ad basem receptaculi, perianthiis circ. 2 mm altis, trifidis, staminibus 3, pistillodio perianthium haud vel vix superante; florespistillati stigmatibus circ. 2 cm longis, sparse pilosis. Infructescentia globosa, pilos sat crebros uncinatos et flores masculos persistentes sparsos sed parte basali receptaculi plus minusve aggregatos gerens. Trees (up to 12 m tall); latex white. Leafy twigs 1-2.5 mm thick, minutely puberulous, also with few to many longer uncinate hairs. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, mostly broadest in or above the middle, equilateral or nearly so, 5.5-17.5 cm long, 3.5-6 cm broad, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, acute to acuminate or obtuse to short-acuminate, at the base acute or subacute; margin (sub)entire; glabrous above except for a few uncinate hairs on the costa and secondary veins beneath and on the margin; veins slightly prominent above, prominent beneath, 6-10 pairs of secondary veins, the lowerpairs departing from the costa at acute angles (40°-70°), several parallel tertiary veins; petioles 3-7 mm long, minutely puberulous, also with longer uncinate hairs; stipules 3-6 mm long, appressed-puberulous and with or without uncinate hairs.

Bisexual inflorescences solitary, ovoid, ca. 1 cm in diameter; peduncle 5-7 mm long, puberulous; receptacle densely covered with minute patent hairs and longer uncinate ones; staminate flowers c. 50, for the greater part on the lower part of the receptacle; pedicel c. 1 mm long; perianth c. 2 mm long, 3-fid, minutely puberulous; stamens 3, filaments 2-2.5 mm long, their upper end deflexed at and after anthesis, anthers 0.3-0.4 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm broad, connective rather broad; pistillode c. 1.5-2 mm long, branched or unbranched; pistillate flower one, almostcompletely immersedin the centre of the receptacle: stigmas c. 2 mm long, sparsely hairy; bracts at the base of the receptacle about ovate, basally attached, passing gradually into many subulate - (sub)peltate ones among the staminate flowers. Infructescences globose, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, covered with rather dense uncinate hairs, and scattered, but towards the base more or less crowded, persistent staminate flowers.

Sheul or trees up to r5 m call: latex yellowsh of felotless. Leafy twigs I-s mr.

thick. yellowish (o

DroWn

apprssd-uers

to brtelous to

(sub)velutinous.

chicly will uncinate hairs. Leaves (claptia tera),',7722 (gaccolate, often broadc,

incquilatera, 7-22(-26 cm

above the middle.

3-0-11 cm

broad. chartaccous (to subcoriaccous),

(acute to) acuminate to caudate, at the base

acute to obtuse; margin entire; above glabrous except the costa.

sometimes bullate:

beneath puberulous to hirtellous

on the veins; veins nearly plane to slightly im-

Dreised above, prominent beneath, 5=13 pals olsecondary veins, tertiary veins part)

parallel; petioles 6-18(-25) mm long.

usual with uncinate

hairs: stipules 3-8 mm

long, appressed-pubescent.

Inflorescences turbinate to about

fungilorm, 4-8 mm

high, 4-0 mm in diameter; peduncle 3-7(-13) mm long, shortly brown

(sub)-

weinons, often with uncinate hairs; receptacle brown short-velutinous, with

without uncinate hairs; staminate flowers severa,to many; perlanth 1-1.5 mm high

lobed to 3-parted, puberulous, sometimes, with, uncinate hairs; stamens 3(-2),

flamens

0.5-1.5 mm

narrow or broad, anthers 0.2-0.0 mm long and

06 m

Soroad,

connecuves

rather narrow,

sometimes apiculate;

distillode small

subulate, 0.2-0.5 mm long; style 3-3-5 mm ong, sagmas 3-4 mm long; bracts

ovarc

o suborbiculate, basally attached or subpeltate, puberulous, Iniructescences globose,

2-9 cm in diameter, coronate with the

Howers, with

sparse

uncinate hairs: cotyledons slightly to very unequal.

Flowering probably throughout the year

Trees up to 20 m tall; latex cream.

turning red. Lealy twigs 0.5-2

mm thick

appressed-puberulous.

often with uncinate hairs.

Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, 2-12 cm

long,

I-4 cm Droad

subcoriaceous, acuminate to caudate, at the

base acute (to

obtuse): margin entire; above at first with uncinate hairs; beneath sparsely appressed.

puberulous.

clabrescent; veins more or less prominent, 5-10 pairs of secondary veins,

icruary

veins not parallel; petioles 4-8 mm long, often with uncinate hairs:

stipules

ca 2 mm long, appressed-puberulous. Inflorescences cylindrical to narrowly turbinate,

-7 mm high, ca 3 mm in diameter, peduncle 1-0 mm long, peduncle and receptacle

densely puberulous to short-velutinous, often with uncinate hairs; staminate

flowers 2-5; perianth ca 1 mm high, 3-lobed, short-velutinous to puberulous; stamens 3, 1mm long, filaments broad; pistillode subulate, very short; style ca 1 mm long, stigmas ca 1.5 mm long, hardly extending beyond the perianth; bracts reinform to ovate to suborbiculate, basally attached or (sub)peltate. Infructescences globose, ca 1.5 mm in diameter, yellow at maturity; seeds ca 8 mm in diameter, coteyldons slightly to very unequal.

Trees up to 30 m tall. Lealy twigs 1-5 mm thick, brown hirtellous to subvelui

often w uncinat haIrs.

nous,

Leaves (subrotundate to) elliptic to oblong, olten

broadest above the middle, 2-12 cm

acuminate to

mucronate,

long, 1.5-5-5 cm broad, coriaccous to subcora:

at the base acute

ccous.

to obtuse:

hirtellous on the costa.

for the rest glabrous or with a

margin entire; above

lew uncinate hairs;, bencath

hirtellous on the veins, sometimes uncinate hairs on the costa; costa impressed other

veins plane to impressed above, veins prominent beneath, 5-11 pairs of secondare

tertiary veins usually partly parallel: petioles

veins,

uncinate hairs; stipules

3-4 mm long,

3-10 mm long: usually with

appressed-pubescent. Inflorescences narrowls

turbinate to cylindrical, 4-0 mm high, 2-4 mm in diameter, peduncle 3-4 mm long

peduncle and receptacle brown (sub) velutinous, often with uncinate hairs

Aowers some tens in number; perianth

, staminate

ca 1 mm high, 3-lobed, puberulous; stamens

3, I-2 mm

long, laments

broad to

narrow; pistillode subulate, very small; style

4-5 mm long, sugmas 3-7 mm long; bracts reniform to ovate to suborbiculate. basally

attached or

peltate.

Infructescences globose, ca 1.5 cm

in diameter, coronate

with the staminate flowers, subvelutinous; seeds ca

9 mm in diameter. cotvledons very

unequal.

A shrub 8–10 ft. high; young branches slender, shortly pubescent. Leaves elliptic or oblong-obovate, subabruptly but obtusely caudate-acuminate, slightly narrowed or rounded to a very obtuse or rounded base, 3–7 in. long, 1 1/4–2 3/4 in. broad, acumen 1/2–1 in. long, chartaceous, glabrous and dull on both surfaces; lateral nerves 8–10 on each side of the midrib, spreading from it at an angle of about 60°, prominently looped and branched well within the margin; tertiary nerves and veins forming a loose conspicuous network below; petiole 1–2 lin. long, wrinkled; stipules subpersistent, linear-lanceolate, acute, about 1/4 in. long, nearly glabrous, purplish. Male heads very shortly pedunculate, axillary, about 2 lin. in diam.; basal bracts closely appressed to the receptacle, ovate, about 2/3 lin. long, slightly pubescent outside; floral bracts confluent nearly to the apex, the small short free tips ovoid or subclavate, tomentose. Perianth very small; stamens 2.   Female heads globose, about 1/4 in. in diam. when in flower, rough with the shortly tomentose tips of the floral bracts and the long exserted style-arms; basal bracts similar to the male but more hairy. Floral bracts of two kinds, free for half their length, the outer shortly clavate and obtuse, the inner thickly awl-shaped and bristly; style-arms 1/2–1 lin. long. Immature fruiting head about 3/4 in. in diam., bristly with the persistent bracts.

Tree up to 30(-50) m. tall Lamina, coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate to subovate, sometimes elliptic or ovate, (5-)10-25(-50) x (2.5)4-12(-20) cm, apex acuminate or sometimes subacute, base obruse to subcordate, sometimes subacute, margin entire to faintly repand; upper surface glabrous or almost so, lower surface sparsely puberulous on the main veins; lateral veins (8-)10-18 pairs, tertiary venation mainly reticulate; petiole 0.2-1.5 cm. long; stipules 1-1.8 cm. long, glabrous, puberulous or hirtellous, caducous, inforescences globose, ellipsoid or obovoid. 25-10 cm, in diameter peatneci

cm. long: Stigmas 3.5(-10 mm. long; Infrudescences subelobose, UP to 30 2."

diameter; fruit ellipsoid to oblong, 10-15 mm.

A tree 30 ft. high; young branchlets at first very minutely puberulous. Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtusely and rather abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed to or subcuneate at the apex, 3–7 in. long, 1–3 1/2 in. broad, chartaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; lateral nerves, veins, petiole and stipules as in T. acuminata. Male heads and bracts as in T. acuminata, but the former ellipsoid or obovoid, 1/4– 1/2 in. long, up to 5 lin. in diam. Basal bracts rather lax and distant, ovate, acute, closely puberulous outside, ciliolate. Perianth tubular, lobed at the apex, lobes acute, shortly ciliate. Stamens mostly 3.